?? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ??????

????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ????????? ?? ??????. ??? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ???????? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ???????? ??????? ????????? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????.

?????? ??? ??????? ????? ????? ? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ????? ???????? - ????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?????? - ?????????? ??????? ??? ????????? ??? ?????????? ??????? ??? ????????? ? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ????????? ?????????? ?????????.

Density and size of sand

????? ??????

??? ?? ????? ????????. ????? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ????????? ?????????? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ???????.

????? ????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ????????. ????? ??? ??????? ?????? ??????:

1. ?????? ????????

Natural sand

???? ????? ??????? ??? ???????? ???? ????????? ???? ???????. ????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??????? ???? ????????. ?????? ??????? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ???????? ??????? ????? ???????? ????????? ?????? ??????.

2. ??? ??????

Pit sand

??????? ??? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ??? ?????. ????? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ??????. ???? ????? ??????? ????????? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ???????? ?????.

3. ??-????

M-Sand

????? ????????? ??????? ????? ???? ??? M? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ??????? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ????????? ?? ??????. ??? ???????? ????? ????? ???. ??? ?????? ?? ????????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ????????? ?? ??????? ???????? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ??????.

4. ??? ????????

Concrete sand

??????? ??? ???????? ?? ???????? ???????? ?? ??????. ??? ??? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ???????. ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ????????? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ???????.

5. ???? ?????

Fill sand

??????? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ???????. ????? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ???????? ???????. ???? ??? ????? ??? ????? ??? ????? ?? ??? M? ??? ??? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ???? ????????.

????? ?????

????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ???????????/??. ????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ?? ????? ???????? ????????? ???????.

?????? ??? ??????? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ?????????? ??? ???? ????????? ????.
?????? ??? ??????? ???????? ???? ??? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ????????.

????? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ??????? ?????? (???? ???? ?? ?????)? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? 1400 ?1600 ???/?? ?? 1.4 ?1.6 ??/???. ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ??????.

????? ????? ?????? ?? ???????? ???????? ?? ??? ???:

???? ??????	????? ????? (???/??)	???????
??? ????	1442	??? ??? ??? ??????? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ????????.
?????? ??????	1602	??? ?????? ?? ?????? ???????? ??? ????????? ??? ??? ????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ???????? ??????.
?????? ??????	1922	??? ?? ????? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ????.
??? ????	1682	?? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????????.
????? ?????? ?????	2082	?? ??? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????.

???? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ??? 1400 ??? 1600 ???/?? (1.4–1.6 ??/???) ?? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ???? ?? 2000 ???/?? ????? ???? ???? ???????.

??? ?????? ?????

?????? ????? ??? ???? ????? ??? ??? ????????. ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ??? ???????? ???????:

??? ??? ????: 1-2 ?? (1000-2000 ????????)
????? ?????: 0.5-1 ?? (500-1000 ????????)
??? ?????: 0.25–0.5 ?? (250–500 ????????)
??? ????: 0.1–0.25 ?? (100–250 ????????)
??? ???? ????: 0.05–0.1 ?? (50–100 ????????)

????? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ??????????? (?m). ?? ????? ??? ????? ???????. ????? ??? ??????? ????????? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ???????. ?????????: ?? ?? ??? ????????.

1 ?????? (??) = 1000 ???????? (????????)
1 ???????? (?m) = 0.001 ?????? (mm)

??? ??????? ??? ??????? ???????:

????? ????? ???? ????? ??????.
????? ??????? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ?????.
???? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ??????? ??????? ??????.

????? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?????. ?????? ??????? ??????: ??? ??????? × ?????? ????????? ≈ 15000. ???? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ?? ??????.

???? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ???.
???? ??? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????? ???? ?????.

???? ???????? ???????	??????	?????
4	4750 ????????	0.187
5	4000 ????????	0.157
6	3,350 ????????	0.132
7	2800 ????????	0.111
8	2,360 ????????	0.0937
10	2000 ????????	0.0787
12	1700 ????????	0.0661
14	1400 ????????	0.0555
16	1200 ????????	0.0473
18	1000 ????????	0.0394
20	850 ????????	0.0331

????? ?? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????????? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ???????: .

????? ???? ????? ????? ??????

?? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ??:

????? ???? ???????? - ????? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ????????.
?????? ??? ?????? - ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ?????.
??????? ????? – ????? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ??????.
??? ???????? – ???? ?????? ??? ??????? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ???????.
??????? ?? ??? ??????? – ???? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ???????? ???? ????.

?????

???? ????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ??? ???? ??????. ?? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? (???: ?? ???????? ??? ????????? ??? ?????? ??? ????????)? ???? ????????? ????? ???? ?????? ???????? ?????????.

???? ??? ????? ????? ???????? ?? ??????? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ??????? ?????????? ???? ??????? ?????? ???????? ????? ???????.