??? ??? ???? ?? ????? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????. ??? ????? ????? ?????? ???????? ?? ????? ?????? ????????.
?? ?? ????? ???????
???? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????. ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? (MPa) ????? ?????? ??? 10.
???? ????? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ???????? ????? ?????. ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ????? ??? ???? ??? ??? ???. ??? ????? ?? ???????? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ???. ????? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????.
??? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ???? (1+2 ?) ??? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ??????. ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? 5-20 ???. ???? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ???????.
????? ???? ????? ???????
????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???????? ????? ????? ??????. ??? ???? ????? ??? ???????? ?????? ?????????????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ???? ??? ??? ???.
????? ???? ????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????? ????? ????. ?????? ??????????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????. ?????? ????? ?????? ??????. ??????? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????????????.
1. ????? ??? ???????
????? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ??????. ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ????????. ??? ????? ?? ????? ??? ???????.
????? ???? ?? 10 ?????? ????? ????? ????? ??? ??? 10 ???????: ????? (10)? ????? ?????????? (9)? ??????? (8)? ???????? (7)? ??????????? (6)? ???????? (5)? ???????? ( 4)? ???????? (3)? ????? (2)? ????? (1).
???? ??? ????????? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ??????. ???? ?????? ???????? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ?????. ????? ??? ??????? ?? 10 ??? ???? ???. ????? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ???. ??? ???? ??????? ????? ?????????? (9) ?? ??? ????? ??????? (8)? ???? ????? (10) ?? ????? ????? ????? ????? ??????????.
????? ?????? ?????? ???????:
????? ??????: 6.5-7.5
????? ???????: 9
????? ???????: 8
????? ??????: 7.5-8
????? ?????????: 5.5-6.5
????? ??????????: 7-8
????? ???????: 9
????? ??????: 5-5.5
????? ???????: 7.5-8
????? ????????: 7.5-8
????? ??? ?????: 6-6.5
????? ?????????: 6-7
????? ??? ???????: 9
????? ?????????: 8-8.5
????? ?????? ??? ????? ???: 7
????? ??????: 6.5-7
??? ????? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????
????? ??? ?????? ??????. ?? ?????? ???? (????? ???? 2)? ????????? ???????? (????? ???? 3) ????? ???? (????? ???? 5.5) ???? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ??????. ??? ??? ???? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ?????. ??? ??? ??????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ????. ???? ??? ?????? ???????? ??? ????? ??? ????.
?? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ???????? ?????. ??? ??????? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ?????. ?????? ??? ?? ???????? ??? ???? ???? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ?? 200 ???.
2. ????? ?????????????
?????? ????? ????????????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ??????. ??? ????? ??? ??????? ?? ???????. ??? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ??????.
????? Protodyakonov ?? ????. ? = ?/10. ?????? ?????? f ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??? ?????. ???? ???? R ??? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? MPa.
????? ????????????? ????? 10 ??????? . ???? ????? ????? ??????? ??? ?? ?????? ?????. ??? ????? ??? ????? ??? ??????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ??? ??????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??????.
| ????? | ????? | ???? ??????? |
| ??? | ?????? | ???????? ????????. (? = 20) 200 ???? ?????? |
| ????? | ??? ??? | ???? ???????? ?????? ????? ???????? ???????? ????? ???? ????? ??? ??? ?? ???????????? ???????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????. (? = 15) 150 ???? ?????? |
| ????? | ??? | ???? ???????? (???????) ?????????? ????? ????? ???? ???? ???? ????? ???? ??? ????????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ??? ????. (? = 10) 100 ???? ?????? |
| ????? | ??? | ????? ?????? (?????)? ???????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ???????. (? = 8) 80 ???? ?????? |
| ????? | ????? ???? | ????? ?????? ???????? ??? ??????. (? = 6) 60 ???? ?????? |
| ???? | ????? ???? | ?????? ???????? ????? ?????? ??????. (? = 5) 50 ???? ?????? |
| ?????? | ??? ?????? | ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ????. (? = 4) 40 ???? ?????? |
| ??????? | ??? ?????? | ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? (??? ?????) ??????? ??????. (? = 3) 30 ???? ?????? |
| ?????? | ????? ???? | ??? ???? ????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ?????????? ???? ????? ??? ???? ????? ??? ??????. (? = 2) 20 ???? ?????? |
| ??? | ????? ???? | ?????? ??????? ???????? ????????? ??????? ????????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????. (? = 1.5) 15 ???? ?????? |
| ????? | ???? | ????? (??????)? ????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???????. (?=1) |
| ????? | ???? | ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????. (?=0.8)8MPa |
| ????? | ???? ?????? | ??????? ????????? ????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?????. (?=0.6)6MPa |
| ????? | ???? ?????? | ?????? ??????? ????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ????? ????????. (?=0.5)5MPa |
| X | ????? ?????? | ?????? ???????? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???????. (?=0.3)3MPa |
????? ????? ???? ????????????? ??? ????? ????????????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???????.
- f = 15-20: ???? ???? ??????? ??? ???????? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????????? ??????.
- f = 8-10: ???? ???? ??? ???????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????.
- f = 4-6: ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????.
- f = 0.8-3: ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ?????????? (0.3 ???).
????? ?????? ????????:
- ????????: 10-25
- ???????? ????????: 18-30
- ?????????? ??????? ?????????: 10-25
- ??????: 20-35
- ???????: 15-30
- ??????????: 15-35
- ?????: 5-20
- ???????? ??????? ????? ??????: 1-10
- ?????: 6-20
- ????? ??????: 2-20
- ??????: 1-15
- ????? ??????: 5-20
- ?????????: 8-25
????? Protodyakonov ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ??????. ???? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????? ???????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ????.
????? ????? ???????
???? ?????? ??????? ???? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??????. ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????? ??????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???????.
1. ?????? ??????
???? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? 30 ???? ??????. ??? ???? ???????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ??????????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ??? ??? ???. ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ????. ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ?? ?????. ?? ???????? ??? ?? ???? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ??????.
2. ?????? ???????
????? ?????? ??????? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?? 30 ???? ??????. ??? ????? ???? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ????????.
3. ???? ????? ??????
?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ?? 5MPa? ?????? ??????? ???? ?? 1.0. ??? ????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ???????? ????????? ????????????.
??? ?????? ??????
1. ????????
????????? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ???????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ????? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ?? 70?. ????? ???? ????? ?? ???????? ????????? ????? ????? ?? ???????? ???????? ??????? ??????. ???????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ??????.
????? ??????: ????? ???? 6-7
?????? ????????: ??????? ??????? ??????? ??????? (?? ??????? ?????????) ????? ?????.
????? ???????:
- 1 ??????? ????? ???????? ??????: ??? ????? ???????? ???????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ??? ??????? ????????? ?? ??????? ????????? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ???????
- 2 ??????? ???????? ??????: ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????????? ?? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ???????? ??????. ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ????.
- 3 ?????: ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ?????.
2. ???????
??????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ??? ???? ????? ?? ????????? ????? ????? ?? ?????. ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ?? ??? ????? ????? ??????.
????? ??????: ????? ???? 5-7
?????? ???????: ??????? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ???????.
????? ???????:
???? ?????? ???? ??????? ???????? ?????? ????? ??????? ???????? ??????.
- 1 ??????? ?????: ??? ????? ??????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ??????
- 2 ??????? ???????: ??? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??????? ????????? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ????????
- 3 ??????? ???????? ??????: ??? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????
- 4 ???????: ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ????????. ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ???????? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????
- 5 ????? ??????: ?????? ???? ?????? ?????. ????? ??????? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ??????. ?????? ?? ????? ????? ??? ??? ???? ???? ????? ????. ??? ???? ???? ????? ????? ??? ???? ??? ???? ??????.
3. ???? ?????
???? ????? ?? ??? ?? ????? ????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ??????. ???? ????? ???? ?? ????? ?? ????? ??????. ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ????????? ?????? ???????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ????????.
????? ??????: ????? ???? 7
?????? ????? ???????: ??????? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ????????? ?? ???? ?????.
????? ???????:
- 1 ??????? ?????: ??? ????? ???? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ???????
- 2 ??????? ??????: ??? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ????????? ??????? ????????
- 3 ??? ?????? ?????: ???? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ??????? ???????
- 4 ?????: ??? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ???????.
4. ??????????
?????????? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ?????????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ??? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ?????????. ???????????? ?? ?? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ?????. ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ???????? ??????????? ???????????. ???????? ???? ???? ????? ?????. ????? ??? ?????? ????????? ????????? ????????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???????.
????? ??????: ????? ???? 1.5
?????? ????? ???????: ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ???.
????? ???????:
- 1 ??????? ?????: ??? ????? ?????????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ???????
- 2 ??????? ???????: ?? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ????????? ??????? ????????
- 3 ??????? ???????? ??????: ??? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ???????? ???????? ??? ???? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ???????? ??????? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??????????
- 4 ??????: ??? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ?????.
5. ????? ??????
????? ?????? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?????????. ??? ????????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ??????. ???? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ?????.
????? ??????: ????? ???? 3.5-4
?????? ????? ??????: ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??????? ???????. ?????? ????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ????? ?????.
????? ???????:
????? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????????? ????????? ???? ?????? ??????? ???????.
????? ??? ?????
?? ???? ??? ??????? ????? ????? ????? PCZ ???? ??????? ???????? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ????. ???? ??????? ????? ???? ??????? ??????. ??? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ??????? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ?????.
????? ??? ?????
?? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??? ???????.
- 1 ??????? ????? ???????? ??????: ??? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ??????? ????????? ????? ?? ????????
- 2 ??????? ????????: ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ????????. ??? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ??????? ??? ???????? ??? ????? ??????? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??????????
- 3 ?????: ??? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????. ??? ??????? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ??????.
6. ????????
???????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ????? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ???????? (???? ?? 90?)? ???????? ???????? ?????? ??????. ???? ??? ????? ????????? ???? ???? ?????? ????. ??? ?? ????? ????? ???????? ???? ??????. ???? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ???????? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ??????.
????? ??????: ????? ???? 7
?????? ????? ??????: ????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ????????? ???????? ??????? (?? ???? ?????). ?????? ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ????? ?????. ????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????? ????????.
????? ???????:
????? ??? ?????
- 1 ??????? ?????: ??? ????? ???????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ???????
- 2 ??????? ???????: ?? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ????????? ??????? ????????
- 3 ??????? ???????? ??????: ??? ???????? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ????????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ???????? ???????
- 4 ??????: ??? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ?????.
????? ??? ?????
?????? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ??????? ???????? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ???????? ???? ?????.
????? ??? ?????
??????? ????? ????????? ???? ????????. ???? ??????? ??? ??????? ??? ??????????? ?????? ??? ???????? ??????? ??????? ??? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ?????.
7. ???????? ?????????
???????? ????????? ?? ??? ?? ???????? ????????? ?????? ??? ?????? ????????. ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????. ???? ???????????? ???????? ???????? ?? ?????? ??????? ????. ????? ???????? ????????? ?? ?????? ????? (69%~78%)? ???????? ??????? (6%~10%)? ?????? ?????? (????? 5%).
?????? ???????? ?????????: ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ????. ????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????? ???????. ?????? ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ??????? ??? ??????? ?????.
????? ???????:
???????? ????????? ????? ???? ?????? ???. ??? ?? ????? ?????? ???????? ??? ???????? ?????? ??????? ???????.
????? ??? ?????
??????? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ?????. ?? ??? ????? ???????? ??? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ???? ?? ???? ???????? ????????? ???? ??? ?? ???? ?????.
????? ??? ?????
???? ??????? ??????? ??? ?????? ???????? ????????? ?? ??? ????. ????? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ????. ??? ??????? ????? ????????. ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????.
????? ??? ?????
????? ??????? ????????? ??? ????????? ??????? ???? ??????? ???????? ???? ?? ??????. ????? ??? ??????? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ????? ??????? ?? ???. ??? ???? ????? ??? ???? ???? ???????? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ???? ????.
8. ??? ?????
??? ????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ????? ????? ?????. ???? ???????? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ????. ????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ?????????.
?????? ??? ?????: ????? ???? ?????? ??????? (????? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ????????? ?? ?????? ??????????).
????? ???????:
?????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ??? ???????: ??????? ?????? ???????? ????????? (????? ??????? ?????????? ???????? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????????).
- 1 ??????? ?????: ?????? ??? ????? ??? ????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ???????
- 2 ??????? ??????: ?? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ????????? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ???????.
