??? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ??????.
????? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ?? 70 ?????? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ???????? ???????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ???? ???? ????? ??????.
???? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????????? ?????? ??? ??????. ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ????? 13 ?? ?????? ??? 30 ?????/?????? ??? ??? ???? ?????? Fortescue Metals Group ??? ???? ????? ??? ??? ???????.
?? ???? ?????? ??? ???? 10 ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ????? ???????? ?? ?????? ??????.
????
???????? ???? ?????? ??? ??????? ??? ???? 6.5% ?? ?????? ??????????? ????????? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ??????.
?? ???? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ?? ??????????? ????????? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ???????? ?? ????????.
????? ???? Vale ?? ????? ?? ????? ??? 1942? ????? ???? 80% ?? ??? ?????? ?? ????????. ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ????? (??????? ???????? ?? ????????).
????? ??????? ???? ????? 4 ??????? ?? ?? ??? ??????? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ???????? ???????? ??? ???? ?? 400 ???.
?????? ?? ??? ?? ????????
??? ? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ???????? ???????? ???? ???? ???? ????? ????? ???? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ??????.
??? ???? BHP Billiton? ???? ????? ???????? ???? ????? ??? 1885 ???? ????? ??????? ?? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ????????.
??? ???? BILLITON? ??? ???? ????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????????? ???????? ????????.
??? ??? 2001? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?????? BHP & BILLITON ???????. ????? BHP 58% ?? ?????? ?BILLITON 42%. ?? ????? BHP ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ???????? ????? ????????.
?? ???? ???????? ?? 20 ????? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????????? ?????? ??? ??? ???. ???? ????? BHP ???? ????? ?? ???????? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ???????????.
??? ?????
??? ? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ??? 1873? ???? ???? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ??????.
?? ??? 1954? ???? ?????? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????????. ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ??? 1962 ??? ??? 1997? ???????? ????? ??? ???? Northern Minerals ?? ??? 2000.
?????? ????? ??????? ?? ??????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ????????.
??? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ???????. ????? ???? Hamersley Iron Pty Ltd? ???????? ????? Rio Tinto? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?? ???????? ??? ?? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ??????? ??????.
????????
?? ???? ????? ??????? ?????. ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ???? ??????? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ????? ??????????? ?????????.
????? ?????? ?? ????? ???: ??? ????? ???? ???????.
??? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ??????? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ??????.
???? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ????? ?????? ???????? ????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ???????? ????????? ???????? ????????? ???????? ???????? ??? ??????? ????????? ????????? ?????????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ??? ??????? ???????? ????????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ? ???????? ?????????? ???????? ?????????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?? ????????.
???? ??? ??????? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? (??????? ??????) ????????. ??? ??? ???????? ???????? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ??????? ?????????? ????????? ?????? ???????? ????????? ????????? ??????? ????????? ?????????? ?????????? ?????????? ?????????? ???????? ???? ?????? ????.
?????? ??????? ??????? ????????
????? ??? 2003? ??? ???? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ????????.
????? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ???????? ??? ???? 4.5 ????? ?? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ?? 15? ?? ??????? ????????? ??????? 50 ??? ??????? ????? ???? 1.1 ????? ?? ???? ????? ?????????.
???? ????? FMG ????? 55 ????? ?? ?? ???????? ???????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ???????? ?????.
???? ??????? ????? ?? ???
(ArcelorMittal) ?? ???? ????? ??? ?? ?????? ??????? ???????? ????????? ????? ????????? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ????????.
???? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ?????: ??? ??????? ??????? ????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ????????? ???? ????????? ???? ??????? ???????? ????? ????????? ???? ???????.
???? ??????? ??????? ????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ????????? ??????????.
???? ??? ???????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ???????? ????????? ???????? ?????????? ?? ??????? ????????.
???? ????? ???????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ??????. ???? ??? ACIS ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????????.
???? ??? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ArcelorMittal ?? ?????????? ????? ??????? ????????.
???? ?????
???? ?????? ??????? ????????? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??????? (DRI) ?????? ????? ??????? ???.
???? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ???? ???????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ???? ???????? ??????? ????? ??????? ??????? ??? ?????? (HBI).
???? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ?????: ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????.
???? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ????? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ???????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ??? ??????.
???? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? (???????? ??? ??????? ????????? ??? ??????? ?????????)? ?????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ???????? (????? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ???????) ???????? (????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ????? ??????).
???? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ???????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ??? ???????? ??????? ????? ??????? ??????? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ???? ????????.
???? ???? ?????? ????????
??? ??? ???? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ????????? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ?? ???? ???????.
?????? ????? ??? 2011? ??? ??????? ????? 2.047 ????? ??? ??? ??????? ?? ??? ??????? ?????? ??? 9 ?????? ?? ?? ??? 2012.
?????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ??? 12 ????? ?? ?? ??? 2013 ?15 ????? ?? ?? ??? 2015.
??? ???????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ??? 2015? ????? ????? ?????? ??? 46 ????? ?? ?? ??? 2017.
???
????? ???? KMG? ??? ???? ???????? ????? ???? ???? ?? ??? ???????? ??? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ????????.
?? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? 67 ????? ?? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ???? 59% ???? ????? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ???? 8% ?? Si? ?3% ?? Al? ?0.08% ?? P ?0.03% ?? S.
???? ?????? ????????? ??????? ????? KMG ?? ???? ????????? 1.5 ????? ?? ?? ????????? ????? 58%.
??? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? 6 ?????. ????? KMG ???? ????? ???? ?? ???????.
?????
??? ????? ??????? ????? ? ???? ???? ??????? ??????? ????? ?? ?????? ???????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? 500? ?? ??????? ???????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ????????? ????? ????????.
??? ??? 2010? ?? ????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ??? ????? ???????.
??? ??? 2015? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ???? 100 ????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ?? ????? ???????? ??? ????? ??????? 36.
????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ????????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????????. ??? ???? ???? ??????? ??????? ?? ???? United States Steel Corporation? USS-POSCO (????? ?? ???????).
???? POSCO ?????? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ?????. ???? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ?????.
???? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ??????? ??? ??????? ???????? ??????? ??? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????? ??????.
?????? ????? ??????? ?? ??????? ???????? ??? ?? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????.
???? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ????????.
?????? ????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ?????????? ???????? ???????? ?????????? ?????? ?? ???????.
