???? ????????: ????? ?????? ?????? ???????

???? ???? ?????.

???? ??? ??? ??? ????? ??????????? ??????? ???.

?????? ????? ????? ????? ?????????? ??????? ?? ?????? ???????.

??????? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?????.

??? ?????? ?? ????????.

????? ??? ???????? ??? ?????? ?? ???????? ?? ??????? ????????

???? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ??????? ??????? ????? ???? ??? ????????.

???????? ??????: ?????? ?????

?? ?????? ???????? ???? ??? ?? ??? ????????? ???????? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ??? 1828. ???? ????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ???? ????? ?????????? ???? ???? ???? ??? ???????? ??????? ???? ????? ???????????? ???.

Thorium is named after the Norse God of Thunder, Thor

????????? ???? ????? ??? ?? ????? ????????? Th ?????? ????? 90? ??? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ??????. ??????? ?????? ???? 11.7 ??/?? ³ ? ??? ????? ??? ????? ??????????? ?? ?????? ??????.

????? ????? ???????? ?? ??????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ?????: Th-232? Th-230? Th-229? ? Th-228. ?? ??? ??? ???? 14 ????? ???? ??? Th-232 ???? ??? ??? ?????????? 235 ?????? 700 ????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ?????.

???? ?? ???????? ???????? ????? ?? ???????? ???????? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ??? ?????? ???????.

?????? ???????? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??????? ???? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ????????.

?????? ????? ?????? ??? ??? 1750 ???? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ??? 4787 ???? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??? ??? ?????.

???????? ??????: ?????? ??????? "?????? ??????"

?? ?? ???? ???? ???? ?? ????? ????? ???????? ?? ??????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ???? ??????? ??????????? ???????.

??? ???? ?? ???? ????? ???????? ?????????? ????? ??? "??????? ???????" ???????? ?? ?????? ????????.

????????: ??? ???????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ?? ?????

????? ????? ?? ?????? ???????? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ?? ??????????. ??? ?? ???? ??? ?????????? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????.

Thorium vs. Uranium

???? ?????? ???? ???????? ??? ??????? ???????? ????? ????????? ???????. ?????? ????????-232? ??? ??????? ?????????? ??? ??????????-233? ??? ???? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????????? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ???????? ??????? ?????? ????????.

????? ???????? ???? ?? ???????????

??????? ???????: ?????? ????????? ???????? ????????? ?????????? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ????????.
????? ???????: ???? ????????? ??????? ??????? ??? ???????? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ??????? ??? ??????????.
????? ???????: ???? ????????? ???????? ??? ???????? ????? ????? ?????????? 238 ?????? ??? ????????? 239 ???? ?????????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ???????.

???????? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ????????? ????? ????? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ??????. ???? ??? ???? ????? ???????? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ???????? ????????.

Uses of thorium

????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??? ???? ?????????? ??????????? ???????????? ????? ?? ????? ???????.
???? ?????? ???????? ??????? ?? ????????? ??????????? ??? ???? ???????? ??? ????? ???????.
??? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ????? ????? ????? ??????.
??? ???? ?????? ???????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ????????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ???????.

???????? ??????: ????? ???????

???? ?????? ??? ???????? ??? ??? ???? ????? ???????? (ThO ₂ )? ??????? ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ????????? ?????????? ??????? ???????? ??? ????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????.

???? ????????? ?????? ???????? ?? ??? ?? ?????????? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ???????? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????? ????????? ??? ?????? ???? ???????? ??????? ????????.

???????? ???????????? ????????? ????????? ???? ??? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ???? ??? ???????? ?? ???? ????.

Common forms of thorium

???? ????? ???? ???????? ?? ?????? ??????? ????? 6 ??? 9 ??? ?? ??????? (??? ?? ???????)? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ??????????.

?????? ????? ???????? ?????? ????????? ??? ????? ??????? ???????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ??????????.

??? ???? ?????? ??? ?????????

??? ??? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ???????? ?? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??????????.

??????? ???????? ?? ????????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ???????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ?? ???????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ?????????.

Where can thorium be found?

???????? ??? ???? ??? ??? ??? ???? ???????? ???? ?????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???????.

????? ????? ???????? ???????? ??? ??????? ?????.

??????? ??????: ??????? ?????? ????????? ???? ?????????.
??????? ??????: ????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ???????.
?????: ????? ??????? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ????????? ?? ??????? ???????.
???????: ????? ???????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ???????? ??????.
????? ??????: ??????? ???????? ??? ?????? ?? ??????.

???? ???? ????????? ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ??? ??? ?????????? ??? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ???????? ?????? ??????.

???????? ??????: ???? ?????? ??????

??? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ????? ???? ??????.

Thorium is a potential carcinogen

????? ??? ?? ????? ????? ????? ???????? ????????? ????????? (DHHS) ??? ???? "???? ?????? ??????"? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ???? - ??? ??????? ????? ??????.

??? ??? ???? ???????? ?? ????? ???????? ??? ????? ?? ???? ????????? ?? ?????? ???????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ???????.

?? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ??? ??? ?? ??? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????.

??? ????? ?? ????????? ??? ?????? ?????????? ???? ????? ??? ??????? ????? ????? ???????? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ???????? ??? ???? ???? 杏吧论坛 ?????? ??????? ??????.

???? : Jordan ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ???????. ?????? ?? ??? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????.